MUDI PEDIGREE / ANCESTOR ANALYSIS and HEALTH / TRAIT RISK SCORING
The goal of Pedigree Analysis (PA) and Risk Scoring is not to remove dogs
with moderate to high risk scores from breeding, the main purpose is to show which
mates offer a lower score for the health risks and traits you hope to avoid, to possibly reduce
the risk in the planned litters pups.
Risk information is provided as a numerical score and
grade category which indicates the level of background for each health issue/trait a dog/planned
litter has on their 5 generation pedigree.
This calculation is based on the Sharp method of pedigree analysis.
It is preferable to have all health/trait scores under 25 (25 is equivalent to a grandparent producing the trait). Planned litters which score above 49 for any serious health or trait should be avoided.
Planned litter scores should be lower than the breed average for particularly
serious health issues and traits as is possible, this will lower the breed average over time and
offer a wider range of mate selection in the future. Prioritizing the seriousness of the health issues/traits to
avoid is necessary, which usually means accepting a higher risk for less
serious health issues to occur in a litter.
Selection of mates should not rely solely on risk scores,
there are many things to take into consideration when planning a litter, PA is just one of the many tools available for creating healthy, standard correct, stable and capable puppies.
Health/Trait Risk
Scoring System
- Very Low = 0-12 (0 indicates no known background, it does not imply zero risk)
- Low = 13-24
- Moderate = 25-49 (25 is equivalent to having a grandparent trait producer)
- High = 50-74 (50 is equivalent to having a parent trait producer )
- Very High = 75-99
- Extreme = 100-200 (equivalent to having 1-2 affected or carrier parents)
For more information regarding the current
risk scoring system:
Traits/Diseases Being Followed in the Mudi
(* indicates rarely seen trait/disease)
- Neurologic: epilepsy (Mudi breed average risk score = higher end of moderate range 45-49)
- Orthopedic: hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia; patella luxation; spinal anomalies; shoulder dysplasia/OCD*; tail length: long or NBT-Natural Bob Tail
- Teeth/Bite: incorrect bite; missing teeth; extra teeth; improper tooth placement*; fused teeth*
- Birth/Physical Defects: cleft palate*; tail kink*; umbilical hernia*; not pricked ears
- Reproductive: cryptorchidism (missing testicles); prostate issues*; reproductive issues
- Ocular/Auditory: cataracts; distichiasis; trichiasis*; PPM (persistent pupillary membranes); RD (retinal dysplasia)*; entropion*; ectopic cilia*; PHTVL/PHPV*; atresia of lacrimal punctum*; cross-eyed/strabismus*; vitreous degeneration*; early age blindness*; auto-immune uveitis*; deafness*
- Immune System: allergies; demodex* (localized, generalized); IMHA*; perianal fistula*; Addisons Disease*; pemphigus foliaceus*
- Cancers: leukemia*; lymphoma*; hemangiosarcoma*; various other cancers of organs and bone; tumors
- Endocrine: hypothyroidism
- Integumentary (organs)/Digestive System: IBD Inflammatory Bowel Disease*; irritable bowel disorder*; stomach/gastric torsion*; colitis*; kidney issue*; PortoSystemic Shunt*; Cushings Disease*; pancreas issue*
- Skin/Fur: Paper Ear/CDA; BFD black follicular dysplasia*; albinism*; standard and non-standard color and pattern appearance
- Heart/Cardiac: heart attack*; cardiomyopathy*; heart disease*; PRAA Persistent Right Aortic Arch*
- Temperament/Behavior Issues
- Testable Genetics: MDR1*; DM*; GCOI; color/pattern; Alt Activity
COI1
(Coefficient of Inbreeding) Calculation
COI calculation is provided for any Mudi or Mudi litter by sending the required information via FaceBook Messenger or email request to: gonduzomudi at gmail.com; results are only sent by email or Facebook Messenger.
Fee:
Free
Pedigree Analysis for any Mudi or
Mudi litter (planned or existing):
- Epilepsy risk score range, (please read this Mudi Directions post regarding the current scoring method used for epilepsy risk: https://mudidirections.blogspot.com/2020/09/mudi-epilepsy-update-september-1-2020.html
- A general summary of risk, or calculated risk scores can also be given for any of the above tracked health issues and traits.
- Required information should be provided via FaceBook Messenger or email request to: gonduzomudi at gmail.com; results are only sent by email or Facebook Messenger.
Fee: Free
1COI (Coefficient of Inbreeding) is calculated with a professional software program and database of more than 10,200 Mudis (as of July 2021), which currently uses every known generation behind the Mudi being analyzed (Mudi breed average pedigree depth: 30 gens); the percentage expressed is
the degree of relatedness among the ancestors; higher COI percentages can result in
the appearance of genetic defects, inbreeding depression symptoms, etc.; a COI
below 10% is preferable; the most useful COI is the one for the planned litter;
please see the Inbreeding/COI page and the COI articles on the Mudi Directions blog for more information
about how the COI is calculated, what the percentages mean, etc.
Generation (Gens) counting: In dogs, when talking about generations and pedigrees, we do not count the dog itself. The generation counting begins with the parents. In health and trait risk analysis, only the first 5 generations are used.
|
1st generation |
2 ancestors |
= 2 ancestors in total (Parents) |
|
2nd generation |
4 ancestors |
= 6 ancestors in total (Grandparents) |
|
3rd generation |
8 ancestors |
= 14 ancestors in total (Great Grandparents) |
|
4th generation |
16 ancestors |
= 30 ancestors in total (Great Great Grandparents) |
|
5th generation |
32 ancestors |
= 62 ancestors in total (Great Great Great Grandparents) |
|
6th generation |
64 ancestors |
= 126 ancestors in total |
|
7th generation |
128 ancestors |
= 254 ancestors in total |
|
8th generation |
256 ancestors |
= 510 ancestors in total |
|
9th generation |
512 ancestors |
= 1022 ancestors in total |
Some Mudi breeders that provide COI's give ancestor count as generations,
while that can be interesting, it is not correct.
Other Pedigree Analysis and Ancestor Analysis Options
ALC (Ancestor Loss Coefficient) is the estimate of
degree to which recessive traits from ancestral generations are lost; this
correlates to the number of unique (unduplicated) ancestors the Mudi has – if
there are no duplicate ancestors then no unique ancestors are lost and the ALC
= 0%; when duplicate ancestors replace unique ancestors on the pedigree, the
unique ancestors are lost and the ALC % rises; along with the COI this can be a
useful gauge; lower numbers are preferable; calculated on 5, 10, 20 gens
COR (Coefficient of Relationship) is only calculated between two planned mates; it is
the likely proportion of genes that the parents have in common expressed as a
percentage figure; it is usually slightly less than double the COI of the
planned litter; the higher the percentage, the more genes the ancestors and the
planned litters’ pups will have in common to produce shared ancestral traits;
COR values are influenced by the COI, presence of parent-ally shared relatives
and the generation they occur in; lower numbers are preferable; this percentage
is also only an estimate due to the many different combinations of genes each
pup may actually get from its’ parents, this is why all pups in a litter are
not identical to one another, each gets a different set of genes from its’
parents
POB (Percentage of Blood) calculation shows the
possible genetic contribution of each ancestor; this calculation is based on
the number of times and the generations of appearance of each individual ancestor;
typically parents are 50%, grandparents 25%, great-grandparents 12.5%, etc.,
however any dog that appears more than once on a pedigree can compromise the
percentages of the more recent relatives as their placement and appearances can
have a greater impact; if you are wanting to increase or decrease certain dogs
on the pedigree, this is a very useful gauge; the POB value can be accompanied by:
- Count – the number of times an ancestor appears in the pedigree, the higher the count, the higher the possibility of repeating traits from this ancestor
- First Gen – what generation the ancestor first appears on the pedigree, the lower the number the more recently it appears (1=parent; 2=grandparent, etc.)
- Last Gen – which generation the ancestor last appears on the pedigree
- Hom% (homozygosity percentage) - the probability that both genes at any given locus for the dog being analyzed have both been inherited from the given ancestor; the % can exceed the COI because numerous appearances on the pedigree may be cumulative
Additional Information:
- Litter Generation time (genetic variability in a breed is lost with every new generation produced, the fewer are the generations that occur between the foundation stock and the current stock, the less genetic diversity is lost; also called turnover; a high average generation time should be maintained by breeders, 4 should be the minimum base level, with 5-6 being ideal (as calculated with the generation time mathematical equation)
- Generation in which the highest COI occurs
- Number of full generations found (no missing ancestors)
- Number of total generations found (where most distant ancestor is found)
- Number of total ancestors found (includes duplications); number unique; number common to both sides of pedigree; number duplicated
- Rate of Inbreeding is the proportion of heterozygosity remaining per generation (calculated to 16 gens)
- Max LOH and generation of occurrence is the measure of loss of heterozygosity per generation and which generation has the highest loss
- the more similar are the genes (COI), the more of that dogs genes get passed to its’ offspring (COR), the closer the dog appears in the pedigree (First Gen of Appearance), the more of its genes the pups in the litter will carry (POB), the more likely the pups are going to be like that dog
- however these values are only estimates, if the sire (or dam) resemble their grandfather (or any other close relative) that relative may be a greater influence then what the numbers suggest
- while these values are useful, there is no magic formula or combination of these values that will create a perfect litter; these values are best used to identify important individuals which could make a large genetic contribution to the pups
- knowing which ancestors could have a more significant genetic role then requires research to find their positive and negative traits and then the breeder must decide to proceed with the planned breeding or choose another mate
- questions you may consider: what are the possible health risks associated with the identified individuals; do any of the dogs in the first 5 generations suffer from one of these risks or have they produced it; what are the strengths and weaknesses of these dogs; do the parents of the planned litter share or offset one another’s strengths and weaknesses; all planned litters have pros and cons, do the pros outweigh the cons for this litter
Summary: ancestor and pedigree analysis reports which use value
based tools such as these above, can help to give an idea of which dogs may be
the largest genetic contributors to a litter; once these are identified they
can be researched further to get an idea of what possible genes they may carry
and could pass on to the planned litter; however these are not the only tools a
breeder should rely on when planning a litter.
Other essential tools include Pedigree Analysis and risk scoring for health issues,
completion of individual health, temperament and breed ability tests, knowledge
of the planned parents close relatives, etc., are also of crucial importance.
If you would like to request a COI, PA, AA or health risk score for your Mudi, existing litter or planned litter, or if you have any questions, please email me at: MudiDirections at gmail.com or through FB Messenger.
(Last Update: July 2021)
